Parthenogenesis - Reproduction Without Sex

Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which a female gamete or egg cell develops into an individual without fertilization. The term comes from the Greek words parthenos (meaning virgin) and genesis (meaning creation.) Animals, including most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants, that have no sex chromosomes reproduce by this process. Some reptiles and fish are also capable of reproducing in this manner. Many plants are also capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis. Most organisms that reproduce by parthenogenesis also reproduce sexually. This type of parthenogenesis is known as facultative parthenogenesis, and organisms including water fleas, crayfish, snakes, sharks, and Komodo dragons reproduce through this process. Other parthenogenic species, including some reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, are only capable of reproducing asexually. Key Takeaways: Parthenogenesis In parthenogenesis, reproduction occurs asexually when a female egg cell develops into a new individual without fertilization.Many different types of organisms reproduce by parthenogenesis including insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and plants.Most parthenogenic organisms also reproduce sexually, while others reproduce only by asexual means.Parthenogenesis is an adaptive strategy that allows organisms to reproduce when sexual reproduction is not possible due to environmental conditions.Parthenogenesis that happens by apomixis involves the replication of an egg by mitosis resulting in diploid cells that are clones of the parent.Parthenogenesis that happens by automixis involves the replication of an egg by meiosis and the transformation of the haploid egg to a diploid cell by chromosome duplication or fusion with a polar body.In arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, the unfertilized egg develops into a male.In thelytoky parthenogenesis, the unfertilized egg develops into a female.In deute rotoky parthenogenesis, a male or female may develop from the unfertilized egg. Advantages and Disadvantages Parthenogenesis is an adaptive strategy to ensure the reproduction of organisms when conditions are not favorable for sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can be advantageous to organisms that must remain in a particular environment and in places where mates are scarce. Numerous offspring can be produced without costing the parent a great amount of energy or time. A disadvantage of this type of reproduction is the lack of genetic variation. There is no movement of genes from one population to another. Since environments are unstable, populations that are genetically variable are able to adapt to changing conditions better than those that lack genetic variation. How Parthenogenesis Happens Parthenogenesis occurs in two main ways: apomixis and automixis. In apomixis, egg cells are produced by mitosis. In apomictic parthenogenesis, the female sex cell (oocyte) replicates by mitosis producing two diploid cells. These cells have the full complement of chromosomes needed to develop into an embryo. The resulting offspring are clones of the parent cell. Among the organisms that reproduce in this manner are flowering plants and aphids. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images In automixis, egg cells are produced by meiosis. Normally in oogenesis (egg cell development), the resulting daughter cells are divided unequally during meiosis. This asymmetrical cytokinesis results in one large egg cell (oocyte) and smaller cells called polar bodies. The polar bodies degrade and are not fertilized. The oocyte is  haploid  and only becomes diploid after it is  fertilized by male sperm. Since  automictic parthenogenesis does not involve males, the egg cell becomes diploid by fusing with one of the polar bodies or by duplicating its chromosomes and doubling its genetic material. Since the resulting offspring are produced by meiosis, genetic recombination  occurs and these individuals are not true clones of the parent cell. Sexual Activity and Parthenogenesis In an interesting twist, some organisms that reproduce by parthenogenesis actually need sexual activity for parthenogenesis to occur. Known as pseudogamy or gynogenesis, this type of reproduction requires the presence of sperm cells to stimulate egg cell development. In the process, no genetic material is exchanged because the sperm cell does not fertilize the egg cell. The egg cell develops into an embryo by parthenogenesis. Organisms that reproduce in this manner include some salamanders, stick insects, ticks,  aphids,  mites,  cicadas, wasps, bees, and  ants. How Sex Is Determined In some organisms such as wasps, bees, and  ants, sex is determined by fertilization. In arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, an  unfertilized egg develops into a male and a fertilized egg develops into a female. The female is diploid and contains two sets  of chromosomes, while the male is haploid. In thelytoky parthenogenesis,  unfertilized  eggs develop into  females.  Thelytoky parthenogenesis occurs in some ants, bees, wasps, arthropods, salamanders,  fish, and reptiles. In  deuterotoky parthenogenesis, both males and females develop from unfertilized eggs. Other Types of Asexual Reproduction In addition to parthenogenesis, there are several other types of asexual reproduction. Some of these methods include: Spores: Reproductive cells develop into new organisms without fertilization.Binary fission: An individual replicates and divides by mitosis creating two individuals.Budding: An individual grows out of the body of its parent.Regeneration: The detached part of an individual forms another individual. Sources Allen, L., et al. â€Å"Molecular Evidence for the First Records of Facultative Parthenogenesis in Elapid  Snakes.†Ã‚  Royal Society Open Science, vol. 5, no. 2, 2018.Dudgeon, Christine L., et al. â€Å"Switch from Sexual to Parthenogenetic Reproduction in a Zebra Shark.†Ã‚  Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 16 Jan. 2017. Parthenogenesis.  New World Encyclopedia.

The Slavery Of Slavery And Slavery - 1505 Words

Bills! Bills! Bills! In 1619, the first enslaved Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia. Their sole purpose was to work the fields picking and farming profitable crops such as cotton and tobacco. It is estimated that between 1700 and 1800 six to seven billion enslaved Africans were brought to the American shore (Slavery). Life as an enslaved African was more than tough, it was appalling. Slaves were prohibited from becoming literate, they were restricted in every aspect, whether it was in movement or behavior, and they were punished severely. Slave masters â€Å"took sexual liberties† with enslaved women, which was thought to be a tactic to procreate slaves (Slavery). According to that interpretation, slave masters were fueled to†¦show more content†¦In 1865 Black codes were enacted, which denied African Americans the right to serve on juries, vote, join state militias and or start a job without permission from their previous employer. Pig Laws went into effect around the same time of Black Codes and they harshly penalized Black Americans for petty crimes such as handing out felonies for stealing farm animals. Both Black Codes and Pig Laws were repealed by 1877 but rewritten into Jim Crow Laws, which enforced racial segregation and were a way continue to treat African Americans as inferior (Black). All three of these oppressive laws have habitually traversed into the justice system today. Prisons are overpopulated with Africans Americans, some of which have received harsh sentences for petty crimes, similarly to the Pig Laws. Black Americans have endured so much pain and overcame many obstacles. They have yet to receive reparations, but they have been apologized to. In 2008, the United States house of representatives issued an apology to African Americans for slavery and Jim Crow Laws. The apology resolution was drafted by Steve Cohen, a Democrat from Tennessee (Walsh). On January 3rd, 2017 during the 115th Congress and the 1st session, H.R.40 was introduced was introduced to the house. H.R.40 is the â€Å"Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act.† The bill is sponsored byShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery933 Words   |  4 Pages Slavery, up to this point has progressively gotten weaker. In 1787 slavery is made illegal in the northwest territory. In 1793 Eli Whitney made the cotton gin making the demand for slaves increase. In 1820 the missouri compromise was written to ban slavery in all states above the northern missouri border. In the year 1831 Preacher Nat Turner starts a rebellion that is known to be the largest slave uprising in American History. also that year William Lloyd Garrison started publishing the LiberatorRead MoreSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesto resist their masters, and the institution of slavery in a subtle or a suicidal way. The vi sions of freedom varied throughout time periods and regions; in 1739, you have the Stono Rebellion, people used laws to argue their cases of injustice, such as Emanuel Pieterson and Dorothy Angola, who fought for the freedom of their child and David Walker, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacob who used literature to speak against the institution of slavery. Another aspect was that freedom had a differentRead MoreThe Slavery Of Slavery And Slavery944 Words   |  4 Pagescondemn slavery. The South also used religion as their argument, but instead, they used the Bible to argue that slavery was an acceptable part of life. People have questioned whether it was right or wrong of the South to use the bible to support their beliefs in slavery. Some would say that pro-slavery southerners had every right to use the Bible to support their beliefs. When Northerners began to use the Bible against slavery, southerners used this same argument to support it. 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It is in my belief that the Bible did not condone slavery in the way that slave owners upheld slavery. I do not argue against that there were not slaves by bondage but they were not enslaved against their will but through the will ofRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Slavery889 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Slaves suffered within a system characterized by undernourishment, overwork, harsh punishment, ill health, and despair. The purpose of this paper is to address the significant problems slavery caused the world in which talk of rights and liberties were increasingly popularized. Slavery divested lives of many African Americans who were sold into enslavement for many years. The Start of Slavery Slavery began when the African American people were brought to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. HundredsRead MoreSlavery And The Black Slavery1534 Words   |  7 PagesFROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM CHAPTERS 4, 5 and 6 Chapter 4 Slave Societies in this chapter mean people with similar characteristics who lived together in a well or less organized community. Slave societies in eighteenth -century were common in North America in New England, the Mid-Atlantic and the Lower Mississippi Valley. The black slavery experience was not unique, that is not the same in these areas, was influenced by local conditions, nation of the colonizers, composition of men and women, statisticalRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Slavery Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pages This was the period of post-slavery, early twentieth century, in southern United States where blacks were still treated by whites inhumanly and cruelly, even after the abolition laws of slavery of 1863. They were still named as ‘color’. Nothing much changed in African-American’s lives, though the laws of abolition of slavery were made, because now the slavery system became a way of life. The system was accepted as destiny. So the whites also got license to take disadvantages and started exploitingRead MoreReparations For Slavery : Slavery1218 Words   |  5 Pages Reparations for Slavery? Harriet Tubman once said, â€Å"Now I ve been free, I know what a dreadful condition slavery is. I have seen hundreds of escaped slaves, but I never saw one who was willing to go back and be a slave.† What is a reparation? A reparation is the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. The biggest question of time is should African Americans receive payments for slavery? Many people would say yes withRead MoreSlavery Is Not Extinct : Slavery1904 Words   |  8 PagesMarch, 2016 Slavery Is Not Extinct Slavery, the keeping of slaves as a practice or institution, has held a grim but important role in America’s history. Since the founding of the United States, slavery has been a moral and human rights issue that citizens have argued over to the point of war. To most Americans, the day slavery ended was January 1st, 1863-the day President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation and freed all slaves within America’s borders. However slavery never did end-and

Multi-User Dungeons Free Essays

This lengthy article on avatars in Multi-User Dungeons (MUD) was informative and useful, though hard for the novice gamer to digest in one sitting. Literature attests to the gaming community using computers as tools to communicate and to link together friendships and partnerships. However, the article points out there is a danger of the gamer becoming overly involved in the community, and to remember that words on a forum/discussion board screen etc does not equate to an entity that reflects a physical community. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-User Dungeons or any similar topic only for you Order Now I agree that there are differences and these need to be borne in mind during the gaming experience, however I find Rhiengold ignores the inherent similarities of virtual and physical communities with regard to their psychological processes (Agress, Edberg, Igbaria, 1998). The article reviews MUD as a dynamic and â€Å"wild side† to the Internet. Rheingold contends that real magic exists here and that a person’s identity is characterized by its fluidity. The imaginary worlds created with huge computer databases of programming languages deliver melodramas and satires, puzzles, education, leisure time and competition. With respect to the article’s description of MUD communities Rheingold is somewhat over-exuberant in listing virtues of MUDs. There is an emphasis on fantasy, power, dominance, sexual prowess and violent injury or death. The goals as presented by Rheingold are economic dominance, fame and social power. Another criticism of the article is that it is not structured soundly. The history of MUD communities begins a page or so into the article. The piece then abruptly jumps to describing potential empirical functions of MUDs; such as observing them as â€Å"living laboratories for studying the first-level impacts of virtual communities†. Rheingold does not attempt to outline how such research could be undertaken, what would be measured or how participants would be ensured of informed consent. Numerous ethical dilemmas are obvious when considering the use of MUD communities as settings for collecting social and/or psychological data. Unlike the physical environment, MUDs are not â€Å"natural† and field research designs would need to be modified to maintain ethical standards and empirical rigor. Rheingold also suggests that the MUD environments could be used a research environment for evaluation of second-level effect of virtual communities on physical world relationships, such as with family, personal relationships, friendships etc. Interestingly, Rheingold points out that fundamental issue for the western culture are called into question with MUDs, social norms, values and expectations are adapting to the virtual (pun intended) anonymity the Internet can provide. He makes a good point that this in an important issue for a community where many relationships are mediated by technology. Unfortunately, the article has several disjointed jumps, with Rheingold distributing MUD history throughout the piece. He explores the idea of gaming being an addiction, due to several MUDders admitting to spending most of their waking hours immersed in virtual worlds. The concept of MUD community addiction is presented in the article as a â€Å"communication addiction† that needs to be experienced to be understood according to MIT’s Media Lab Associate Professor Amy Bruckman; How do we feel about tens of thousands of college students spending their time and government-sponsored resources to chase virtual dragons? To answer this question, you have to dive in and explore assumptions about what is a meaningful way to spend one’s time. What are the value judgments implicit in various answers to that question? † Rheingold suggests that the first step is to investigate the fascination some gamers have with MUDding, to determine how obsession develops. Identifying unique features of the medium that engage a gamer psychologically and that meets a person’s needs and expectations would inform about fascination. He further states changing conceptualization about what is identity is the underlying cause as to how fascination develops into a dysfunctional obsession. Hence, to Rheingold, MUD communities are an extension of ongoing cognitive changes brought about by innovation, technological advancements and adaption of symbols to suit a communication-saturated society. MUD environments have allowed dissolving of social boundaries associated with time and space, as well as boundaries of identity. A gamer can pretend to be another; they can pretend to be many other people simultaneously. It appears to Rheingold that depersonalized modes of communication allow some people to be much more personal with each other as compared to a relationship in the physical world. However, he questions the authenticity of the human relationship within the cyber context, given the masking of the person and the distancing that the medium can provide. In this way he states that MUDding is not real life. However, he does not explore the potential for MUD to become a person’s life, which from a constructivist point of view, would make the virtual a â€Å"real world† given that a person is seen as constructing their own reality (Riddings Gefen, 2004). Overall, Rheingold focuses on issues of identity for the MUDder. One of the first activities that a person does when entering a MUD environment is to create an identity. They describe their character for others who inhabit or visit the MUD. It is through the creation of their identity, states Rheingold that the MUD community develops, grows, changes and maintains coherence for its members. It is the roles each gamer plays, points out Rheingold, that guides the socio-cultural value system of the community; †¦the roles give people new stages on which to exercise new identities, and their new identities affirm the reality of the scenario. The fluidity of identity is enabled by the participants being able to communicate using a number of public and private channel options; ? private e-mail ? person-to-person chat ? person-to-person chat ? â€Å"say,† â€Å"whisper,† and â€Å"pose† to anybody else in the same room ? form of group chat that uses the boundaries of metaphorical rooms as social boundaries ? turn on or off special-interest CB channels for other semipublic conversations across different parts of the MUD Poses and words are used to communicate meaning in the MUD environment. Rheingold describes the use of pose as useful though disembodied non-verbal language. Another word for posing is â€Å"emoting† and provides an added dimension to communication not possible in the physical world. For example, â€Å"[Instead] of leaving the room, you can disappear in a cloud of iridescent, bubble-gum-flavored bubbles†. Rheingold comments that first feelings of artificiality when posing soon disperse when one becomes aware of the added control they have over the ambience of the conversation. Posing can provide contextual cues to that are not available through words on a screen alone. The added advantage of having creative powers within the MUD environment takes the experience beyond that of conferencing and or chat sites, â€Å"such as magic carpets that transport their owners to secret parts of the kingdom†. Other characters are able to steal or gain power of objects and avatars of others. As such, the social construction of valuing items and characters is similar in process to that which occurs in the creation of value systems in physical communities. Similarly, the social goal of power, over others and the material world, is a social concept that continues to be maintained in the virual world. Rheingold ignores this salient feature of consistency in what makes a community. In this way, MUD environment’s can be considered â€Å"real† as they are experienced by individuals, and they do lead to the construction of social institutions, rules and common goals mediated by a culturally-dependant language. The MUD culture is framed by the technology through which it is made visible and allows interaction, and also, by the physical world from which its computer hardware and software, and persons social rules came from. Much like Russian dolls, worlds within worlds. Navigation of the MUD community provides a learning experience for each character and they learn their roles to play. Gender roles are a dominant determinant of social placement and social expectations within the physical world. So too in the world of MUD. For example, tiny. sex and net. sleazing are techniques used predominantly by male characters to seduce female newbies into cybersex that is recorded and distributed across the globe via the Internet. As such, gender stereotypes remain within the virtual world, and women tend to be viewed as inferior, gullible and unworthy of treatment as equals. Despite social thought advances in the 21st century, the physical world continues to exist within a patriarchial system that creates power struggles between dichotomies. The MUD communities do little to challenge the status quo of inequality with regard to gender, and in many ways (due to its anonymity) increase opportunities for people to act out anti-social behaviors. It must be kept in mind that these behavioral choices are grounded in physical world cultures, so that Rheingold’s claim that MUD communities are unlike the â€Å"real world† in terms of social interactions is poorly supported. In conclusion, Rheingold delivers an indepth subjective critique of MUD communities. The critical review before you has evaluated Rheingold’s interpretation and communication of the relevance and function of MUDs. Evidently, MUDding is an important psychological and social activity or â€Å"way-of-being† for many people, both female and male. This has sparked much debate in terms of addiction theories, gender issues and perhaps most importantly, ones sense of identity. This paper has demonstrated that MUD communities have the potential to be research environments if ethical criteria can be met, and that in terms of social processes virtual communities have many similarities to those of the physical world from which they emerged. References Agres, C. , Edberg, D. Igbaria, M. (1998) Transformation to Virtual Societies: Forces and Issues. The Information Society 14(2), 71-82. Rhiengold, H. (n. d. ) The Virtual Community. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://www. rheingold. com/vc/book/5. html Riddings, C. M. Gefen, D. (2004) Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://jcmc. indiana. edu/vol10/issue1/ridings_gefen. html How to cite Multi-User Dungeons, Papers

William Henry Gates III Essay Example For Students

William Henry Gates III Essay William Henry Gates IIIChairman and Chief Executive OfficerMicrosoft CorporatioWilliam (Bill) H. Gates is chairman and chief executive officer of MicrosoftCorporation, the leading provider, worldwide, of software for the personalcomputer. Microsoft had revenues of $8.6 billion for the fiscal year ending June1996, and employs more than 20,000 people in 48 countries. Background on BillBorn on October 28, 1955, Gates and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Theirfather, William H. Gates II, is a Seattle attorney. Their late mother, MaryGates, was a schoolteacher, University of Washington regent and chairwoman ofUnited Way International. Gates attended public elementary school and the private Lakeside School. There,he began his career in personal computer software, programming computers at age13. In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University as a freshman, where he lived down thehall from Steve Ballmer, now Microsofts executive vice president for sales andsupport. While at Harvard, Gates developed the programming language BASIC forthe first microcomputer the MITS Altair. In his junior year, Gates dropped out of Harvard to devote his energies toMicrosoft, a company he had begun in 1975 with Paul Allen. Guided by a beliefthat the personal computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop andin every home, they began developing software for personal computers. Gates foresight and vision regarding personal computing have been central tothe success of Microsoft and the software industry. Gates is actively involvedin key management and strategic decisions at Microsoft, and plays an importantrole in the technical development of new products. A significant portion of histime is devoted to meeting with customers and staying in contact with Microsoftemployees around the world through e-mail. Under Gates leadership, Microsofts mission is to continually advance andimprove software technology and to make it easier, more cost-effective and moreenjoyable for people to use computers. The company is committed to a long-termview, reflected in its investment of more than $2 billion on research anddevelopment in the current fiscal year. As of December 12, 1996, Gates Microsoft stock holdings totaled 282,217,980shares, currently selling at $95.25, as of Feb. 20th, 1997. Giving a rough estimate of total worth:$ 26,881,262,595In 1995, Gates wrote The Road Ahead, his vision of where information technologywill take society. Co-authored by Nathan Myhrvold, Microsofts chief technologyofficer, and Peter Rinearson, The Road Ahead held the No. 1 spot on the New YorkTimes bestseller list for seven weeks. Published in the U.S. by Viking, thebook was on the NYT list for a total of 18 weeks. Published in more than 20countries, the book sold more than 400,000 copies in China alone. In 1996, whileredeploying Microsoft around the Internet, Gates thoroughly revised The RoadAhead to reflect his view that interactive networks are a major milestone inhuman history. The paperback second edition has also become a bestseller. Gatesis donating his proceeds from the book to a non-profit fund that supportsteachers worldwide who are incorporating computers into their classrooms. In addition to his passion for computers, Gates is interested in biotechnology. He sits on the board of the Icos Corporation and is a shareholder in DarwinMolecular, a subsidiary of British-based Chiroscience. He also founded CorbisCorporation, which is developing one of the largest resources of visualinformation in the worlda comprehensive digital archive of art and photographyfrom public and private collections around the globe. Gates also has investedwith cellular telephone pioneer Craig McCaw in Teledesic, a company that isworking on an ambitious plan to launch hundreds of low-orbit satellites aroundthe globe to provide worldwide two-way broadband telecommunications service. .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb , .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .postImageUrl , .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb , .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb:hover , .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb:visited , .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb:active { border:0!important; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb:active , .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udce49c1cb38d2af36c6bf2ae64a607eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Is History EssayIn the decade since Microsoft has gone public, Gates has donated more than $270million to charities, including $200 million to the William H. Gates Foundation. The focus of Gates giving is in three areas: education, population issues andaccess to technology. Gates was married on Jan. 1, 1994 to Melinda French Gates. They have one child,Jennifer Katharine Gates, born in 1996. Times are changing fast. Three years ago, while President Bushs camp wasmounting a direct-mail campaign unchanged from that of Reagan before him, theClinton camp, host to a horde of so-called computer whiz kids, all in theirtwenties, was developing a completely new set of election tactics, usingpersonal computer networks and electronic mail, or e-mail. Many of thesetwenty-some-odd-year-old mini-Clintons, who now occupy the White House, show upfor work in sneakers, T-shirts, and jeans, and spend each day, from morn tillnight, tapping away

Usa and Middle East, Heirs to a Millenium of Missteps

The USA and the Middle East experience a relationship today that bears the stamp of a millennium and more of crucial decisions on both sides.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Usa and Middle East, Heirs to a Millenium of Missteps specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From nearly the first years of contact between people of European descent and the peoples of the Middle East, these decisions have reflected more misunderstanding and self-interest than statesmanship or vision. There are several moments over this span of time that stand out as opportunities: periods in history when relations could have been turned towards tolerance and even cooperation, but were not. Three examples of these are: the medieval push to take control of religiously important sites in what is today Israel, the betrayal of the region at the end of World War I, and more recently, the failure of Arab governments to adopt the best practices of modern governance. While these are by no means exhaustive, they are exemplary. In the 11th century, the hardline, and an altered attitude of the Seljukian Turks towards Christian pilgrims prompted outrage and ill-organized crusades. However, a glance at a map of the area suggests the great potential advantage to the nations north of the Mediterranean of control over the sea lanes in the Mediterranean and eastward. Trade, at the least, would be easier if European powers controlled this region. This may have been the reason for the increasing emphasis on naval campaigns in the later Crusades (Bridges 10). In this instance, a more tolerant attitude by the Seljukian Muslims towards Christian pilgrims who had moved with relative freedom through the region for a long time would have made a great difference. After all, the Muslim faith had already successfully, albeit violently, taken over as much as two thirds of the European continent (Madden, Hillenbrand and Ryan). However, the behav ior of the Europeans was regarded as boorish and ignorant by the Saracens, so there was probably fault on both sides (Madden, Hillenbrand and Ryan). This was a chance for mutual understanding that was thrown away. At the end of World War, after taking advantage of the Arab revolt to topple the Ottoman Empire, the Allies secretly agreed to partition the area. The Balfour agreement, also secret, promised the Jewish people a homeland in Palestine. These baldly self-interested betrayals and subterfuges were the reasons that prompted T.E. Lawrence to work for three years to make the Arab revolt as effective as possible (Lawrence).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This double-dealing gave the Middle Eastern countries a very good reason to resent the Allies (Lawrence). It also injected a massive and persistent disruptor into the area in the form of the Zionist homeland (Zakaria, Why do They Hate Us?) . This dishonesty was probably not necessary and fairer dealings could have laid the groundwork for greater cooperation. Over the decades since then, the sponsorship by the USA of Israel has colored all US-Middle Eastern relations. More recently, the increasing interests of the European countries and the United States in regional oil have distorted matters further (Djerejian) (Atiemo). The Middle Eastern countries have not achieved the development of modern governments and what the West regards as desirable liberties and markets. To some degree, this retarding of governmental evolution was enhanced by the use of several countries as proxies for the former USSR (Djerejian) (Ahmadov). Many of the countries of the Middle East have, additionally, cut themselves off from many of the advantages of the Western world, often, according because of a distaste for the values associated with them (Ozdemir) (Christie, Zwarun and Clark) (Woods). It is possible that if the West had not been more honest and less self-interested, these nations might have turned towards Europe rather than to the USSR or to fundamentalism. Thus, the West and the Middle East may have had chances for rapprochement, which have been discarded. As far back as the Middle Ages, and in both the Twentieth and Twenty-first centuries, approaches have been taken that plunged increasing wedges of distrust and distaste between the two. These turning points should be our guide to avoiding such bad choices in the future. Works Cited Ahmadov, Ramin. â€Å"The U.S. Policy toward Middle East in the Post-Cold War Era.† Alternatives: The Turkish Journal of International Relations Spring/Summer 2005. Web. http://www.alternativesjournal.net/volume4/number1/ramin.pdf. Atiemo, Nancy. â€Å"What is the relationship between the United States’ energy policy and its foreign policy in the Middle EastT?† n.d. Dundee University. Web. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/car/html/ CAR10_ARTICLE21.PDF.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Usa and Middle East, Heirs to a Millenium of Missteps specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bridges, Cyprian. Sea Powerand Other Studies. Echo Library, 2006 . Web. https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=UTuZeVOU23QCoi=fndpg=PA1dq=%22why+did+the+crusades%22ots=ASWFLQn7mZsig=PKfclXE1VzsZHnjVTgNLrSoxgWU#v=onepageq=%22%20crusades%22f=false. Christie, Thomas B., Lara Zwarun and Andrew M. Clark. â€Å"Finding a Credible Message to Win Hearts and Minds of the Muslim World: Article 2.† Global Media Journal Volume 5.Issue 8 (2006). Web. http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/PDF_archive/amer_edition/spring2006/2%20Christie%20Clark%20Zwarun.pdf. Djerejian, Edward P. â€Å"The US and the Middle East in a Changing World, The.† Department of State Dispatch 444 (1992). Washington: HeinOnline, 2 June 1992. Web. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?co llection=journalshandle=hein.journals/dsptch5div=246id=page=. Lawrence, Thomas Edward. â€Å"Introductory Chapter.† Seven Pillars of Wisdom. 2012. Web. http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100111h.html. Madden, Thomas, Carole Hillenbrand and Antonia Ryan. â€Å"The Crusades: Why the Crusades Stil Matter: An Interview with Carole Hildebrand and Thomas Madden.† 24 February 2006. National Catholic Reporter. Web. http://www.natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2006a/022406/022406a.php. Ozdemir, Erhan. â€Å"Globalization and Its Impact on the Middle East.† 2008. US Navy Post-Graduate School. Web. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecordmetadataPrefix=htmlidentifier=ADA493849. Woods, Joshua. â€Å"The Common Enemy Rationale: An Attempt to Apply Concepts of Cognitive Consistency to the Portrayals of the United States in the Foreign Press.† Fall 2005. Purdue.edu. Web. https://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/PDF_archive/amer_edition/fall2005/4%20Woods.pdf.Advertis ing Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Zakaria, Fareed. â€Å"Why do They Hate Us?† n.d. http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/12447013/417620819/name/whydotheyhateus.pdf. This research paper on Usa and Middle East, Heirs to a Millenium of Missteps was written and submitted by user Channing G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Distribution Decision essays

Distribution Decision essays In assessing distribution strategies for the companys human resources applications its critical to keep in mind that as a small and relatively unknown software developer, gaining the attention of software distributors is going to be a daunting and potentially very expensive strategy. Keeping in mind that software distributors have literally hundreds if not thousands of software companies approaching them to sell their applications, its clear that the competition in the software distributor channel is daunting. To get a software distributor to resell the human resources applications, inordinately high gross margins will also have to be offered to compensate for the lack of awareness of the brand. Further, there is no assurance the software distributors will work to understand the specifics of the application itself as well. The bottom line is that relying on software distributors is going to be quite expensive, time-consuming and could easily drain essential resources in the compa ny. Selling over the Internet would allow for global distribution literally overnight and more control of selling and support costs. Most importantly, selling directly over the Internet ensures the positioning and value of the software is communicated correctly. Conversely, software distribution would provide an opportunity to gain greater brand exposure and brand development opportunities. Further, developing software distribution relationships is often a lengthy process which can lead to meeting many other comparable smaller companies, in addition to distributors willing to take a chance on a new and unknown application. Software distributors can be source of long-term knowledge and insight not accessible anywhere else. ...

Ethical Issues in Business Management and Business Technology Essay

Ethical Issues in Business Management and Business Technology - Essay Example A strong sense of ethics is mandatory and the clients and the regulatory firms expect strong ethical standards all the time from these professionals. Some of these professions are medicine, law, clergy, teachers and military. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the ethical standards of professions in which ethics is a top priority in the work being performed. In the medical industry ethics is extremely important. The clients or patients hire doctors when they are most vulnerable physically or emotionally. The doctor is a professional that in order to evaluate its patients must ask very intimate questions and realize physical examinations of a person’s body. The doctor is a person the patients trust. The information given to the doctor is completely confidential. The doctor can not reveal this information to any outside parties ever. The close relationship between the patient and the doctor can only be maintain by the professional applying a strict code of ethics in the professional’s dealing with patients. The list below provides a basic guideline of the types of ethical standards and ethical matters the doctors faces on a daily basis in the medicine profession: There are other aspects of the medical profession which require a strong sense of ethics. Many times doctors received samples from pharmaceutical companies and medical propagandist for free. During these exchanges a doctor may be persuaded and offered different monetary or non-monetary incentives such as access to a certain gulf club so that the doctor may consider prescribing a particular type brand of medicine to their patients. The doctor should never let any personal perks affect his medical criteria when dealing with patient care. Another situation in which ethics affect the criteria of doctor involves the doctors dealing’s with restrictions imposed by medical plans. An interesting case is the medical system of the commonwealth of Puerto

Customer satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer satisfaction - Essay Example According to Kotler (1995) customer satisfaction can best be defined as an individual’s pleasure or displeasure resulting from comparing the outcome or performance of a product, with prior expectations about performance of the same product. Another definition which exemplifies customer satisfaction is provided by Stank et al. (2007). The scholars posit that customer satisfaction refers to consumers’ evaluation and perception of a specific service or product after purchasing and utilising it. Earlier definitions denote that customer satisfaction constitutes feedback provided by buyers about a service or a product after consuming it (Fornell, 1992; Oliver, 1981). As can be discerned from these definitions, customer satisfaction stems from a customer’s perception of the suitability of a product in comparison to actual experience after consumption. Cochran (2003) emphasises that customer satisfaction is a high subjective concept, since consumers derive pleasure from commodities on the basis of various variables such as the price of the service/product, availability, and reliability, among other attributes. Judging from the various definitions and explanations of customer satisfaction, it is apparent that this concept bears immense significance to companies like Apple, which are currently competing within the global context. For instance, recognising customer preferences and product expectations ensures that the Company manufactures computers and computer peripherals that satisfy buyers. Accounting for customers’ taste and preference in computerised gadgets partially explains Apple, Inc.’s success internationally. This is because customer satisfaction paves way for repeat purchases and heightened customer loyalty. Allbal (2011) points out that there is a wide variety of factors that influence customer satisfaction, since

Midterm Policy Paper 8 pages double spaced Essay

Midterm Policy Paper 8 pages double spaced - Essay Example In 1789 the War Department was formed, which centuries later would come to be recognized as the Department of Defense. The Coast Guard which is a section of the Homeland security was later on to be established a year after the establishment of the war Department. In 1947, a decision was undertaken with the sole aim of unifying the various Departments under one roof. This decision led to the formation of the National Military Establishment in the same year. The National Military Establishment replaced the existing War Department at the time, as the war department was transformed to the Department of the Army. In this same year, there was an establishment of the U.S Air Force as it was followed by the creation of the Department of Air Force. Finally, with the senate’s approval and confirmation the existing three military branches of the army that included; the Air Force, the Army and the Navy were delegated under one person, the secretary of Defense who had direct control over t hem. In 1949, there was an amendment undertaken upon the National Security act that advanced one-step ahead by consolidating the national defense structure in a way that the cabinet-level status possessed by the three service secretaries was withdrawn from them. Later on the name National Military Establishment was to be converted and renamed as Department of Defense (U.S. ... This department is said to have evolved with the country as its roots can be traced back in pre-revolutionary times. In modern times, the Department of Defense is headed by Roberts Gates the secretary of Defense. In addition to this, the Department of Defense boosts over 1.4 million work forces under active duty. This department has earned the title of being the largest employer in America. The headquarters of the Department of Defense is based in Pentagon building (U.S. Department of Defense Para 2, 3, & 4). The major mission of the Department of Defense is to ensure that there is provision of military forces required for the sole purpose of deterring a war and above all to offers protection to the security of America. The Department also offers crucial and timely information on matters pertaining to defense policies operations, functions and organizations. Robert Gates History Dr. Robert M. Gates history within the American government circles is vast as the current government is ei ghth in number among the numerous governments he has served. Dr. Gates was sworn in as the 22nd Secretary of Defense in 18th of December 2006. His continued stay in office has earned him a record as the only secretary of Defense in American history to remain in office upon the prerogative of the newly elected president. Before his appointment in his present post, Dr. Gates was the president of the nation’s seventh largest University, the Texas A&M University. Before assuming his role as the president of the Texas A&M University on August 1st 2002, Dr. Gates was an interim Dean of the George Bush School of Government and Public Service from 1999 to 2001 in Texas A&M. Dr. Gates involvement with the Central Intelligence

Acting For The Camera Film Studies Essay

Acting For The Camera Film Studies Essay The goal of the Meisner technique has often been described as getting actors to Live truthfully under imaginary circumstances. (Silverberg 1994: 45), Critically examine this statement, with reference to at least three different screen dramas. It is the writers belief that to attempt to examine the statement a brief recap on Meisners acting predecessors should be included in this essay. Arguably Stanislavski can be called the foundation of modern acting techniques. Challenging himself to become a better acting practitioner than the melodramatic thespians of his time .Stanislavski found that they didnt form a connection to their character or the other actors and directed their dialogue directly at the audience .Through taking notes and trial and error; he came up with an acting system. He was greatly responsible for the revolutionary change in Russian theatre, making it more accessible to the masses. Many of his principles called upon the actor to draw upon their own experiences and take an analytical approach to the character to be portrayed. He created the If principle, what would you do in a situation out with your experience but is faced by the character. This principle challenges the actor to use their imagination .Stanislavski wanted actors to draw upon their own life experiences to create the truth of their character and not to invent falsehoods. His subsequent students and followers used and developed his techniques. When these teachings crossed continents into America they were altered, whether through linguistic translation or artistic interpretation. Stella Adler was a strong follower of his teachings and travelled to Europe to learn his techniques firsthand. Through working with Stella Adler and Lee Strasberg, Meisner built upon the Stanislavski system and developed his own technique. The Meisner technique is about the actors truthful reactions within an imaginary circumstance.Stanislavski`s system comes across as regimented and over analysed with actions /reactions preordained before being performed in comparison. Though there are more similarities than differences of these two practitioners techniques at the core. Both believe that the actors own life experiences should be draw upon to bring truth to their character. By reacting instinctually when in character within the parameters of the text under the imaginary circumstances fresh discoveries can be made. Discoveries about the characters behaviour and the actors subconscious interpretation of their reasoning. Even through intense analysis of the text, these discoveries might not have been brought out through intellectual study. This is the heart of his technique ,finding behavioural truths which freely happen when the actor is in the moment. The ultimate goals of these practices are to bring truthfulness and believability to the character. If the actor takes on this truth of character action /reactions and fully believes it themselves ,then the audience will also. In the theatre it is generally stated that the performance is life compressed onstage but for acting on camera this must be refined. The camera can follow the action up-close and pick up on moments of doubt or an actor going through the motions. The actor isnt banging it out to the cheep seats but striving to produce a condensed realistic piece of acting. The combination of the actors own life experiences and the character`s creates this living real life under imaginary circumstances. My first example of Meisners technique in action on screen was found in the Crying Game (1992) directed by Neil Jordan. A disillusioned member of the Irish republican army tries to drop off the radar and is pursued by fellow agents. After aiding in the kidnapping of a black British soldier ,Fergus forms a bond with his captive and agrees to look up his girlfriend if negotiations for his release fall through. The prisoner Jody escapes but Fergus cant bring himself to shoot his new friend but Jody is tragically killed by his own army when they accidently run him over. Fergus looks up the girlfriend Dil and almost immediately forms a relationship with her. When He discovers that he isnt the only one keeping secrets ,Fergus continues with this affair with his new love. The reveal in the film was shocking at the time as this new love Dil was actually a man. The scene that caught my attention was the kissing scene between Dil and Fergus . When Fergus says to Dil be a good girl, go inside. Dil looks directly into his eyes and replies, only if you kiss me. Fergus is taken aback by the directness of the statement and takes a moment to recover, moving forward to kiss her. He is loving but surprised and confused and it is evident on his face. The confusion that stems from kissing another man is made apparent by the snort Fergus makes and his downplaying of the significance of the kiss by asking, are you happy now? Dils reply, delirious is charged with anger at Ferguss reluctance to embrace his feelings. The scene is important for the way in which the feelings of the characters, rather than the words they say, portray the meaning of the scene. Dil and Fergus moving towards and away from each other, looking at each other but refusing to touch and make physical contact, the awkward and defiant postures they adopt, all show the physical and emotional attraction that exists between them, and Fergus repulsion at the idea of kissing a man. Both are highly emotional and make that emotion available to each other and the audience with only a secondary use of language. The scene is a remarkable achievement for the way in which it portrays the surprise and adventure, and the newness of the experience. The characters appear not to know what will happen, and yet are alive and expectant to what that might entail. They are prime examples of Meisners statement that, the quality of your acting depends on how fully you are doing what you are doing, . The second example is from Moon (2009) directed by Duncan Jones Set in the near future, earth natural recourses have been exhausted and the moon is now being mined. Loan astronaught Sam Bell is isolated and shut off from earth as communication is down. As he approaches the final month of his contract Sam has an accident outside in a moon vehicle. Waking up in the medi lab he slowly starts to realise all is not right when the computer tries to keep him confined. Venturing outside Sam finds the injured Sam and brings him back to the lab. Is Sam loosing his mind or is the company abusing their power by cloning him. Who is the real Sam and will the company let more than one version exist. In the chosen scene for this example the Sam who has been injured and almost completed his term is confronting the newly awaked clone Sam. Injured Sam is still not sure what he is experiencing is real while clone Sam is struggling to work out why this is happening. Even though this is a scene involving the same actor and the interaction are being imposed upon each other ,the momentum is not lost and the technology of the scene doesnt draw focus from the acting.Meisner trained Sam Rockwell gives two wholly believable distinctly different performances in this scene. A man loosing his mind against one who is struggling to maintain his sanity. The battle of wills while they fight over music is well choreographed and an extreme example of acting truthfully under imaginary circumstances. A third example of Meisners technique comes from his own performance in The Story on Page One (1959) directed by Clifford Odets. A married Jo Morris is a woman who is trapped in a loveless marriage to a domineering man who is abusive to their young daughter has an affair .Through a series of unfortunate events her lover Larry Ellis ,accidently kills the husband and they decide to cover up Larry`s presence .What follows is the subsequent trial by the legal system and tabloid press .Larrys domineering mother initially interfered in his budding relationship and causes more problems for the lovers during the trial. In this film, Meisner plays Phil Stanley the prosecuting attorney. After the accidental killing by Gig Young of his lovers husband, Meisner puts on a remarkable performance in the courtroom scenes. In scene after scene, the questioning and cross examination of Gig Young and the other witnesses in the case is carried out convincingly and intensely. Meisners technique, as demonstrated by the three screen performances used as examples in this paper, therefore lives up to Meisners own claim that acting should be to live truthfully under imaginary circumstances. The actors all appear to be reacting to genuine impulses and motivations, guided by their feelings and by compelling motivating factors.

The Influence of Lord Henry in The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wil

In analyzing Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, concepts such as influence and the origin of evil in Dorian Gray play an exceptionally valuable role in understanding the motives of the characters. Although some critics argue characters such as Lord Kelso significantly influence Dorian’s corruption, Lord Henry Wotton’s toxic personality undeniably impacts Dorian the most. Throughout the course of the novel, Lord Henry remains the ultimate source of evil and uses deception and persuasion to poison Dorian from a naà ¯ve boy to a destructive monster. Shortly after meeting Dorian for the first time, Lord Henry calmly declares, â€Å"to influence a person is to give him one’s own soul† (20). In these few words, Lord Henry foreshadows the entirety of his relationship with Dorian throughout the novel. By sharing his unique thoughts about the scientific view of influence, Lord Henry captures Dorian’s curiosity and attention, opening the door to the beginning of Dorian’s evolution Lord Henry continues to bruise Dorian’s perfection on page 21 when he lectures Dorian about the key to a rewarding life through means of the senses. In response to these dangerous regarding influence, sensation, temptation, and beauty, Dorian commands Lord Henry to stop speaking as he absorbs the new light shed upon him: For nearly ten minutes he stood there, motionless, with parted lips, and eyes strangely bright. He was dimly conscious that entirely fresh influences were at work within him. . . The few words that Basil’s friend had said to him – words spoken by chance, no doubt, and with willful paradox in them – had touched some secret chord that had never been touched before, but that he felt was now vibrating and throbbing to curious puls... ...n goes on to murder Basil in a moment of pure hatred, allowing Lord Henry to ultimately succeed in his aims of winning Dorian’s soul. Careful examination of Dorian’s initial susceptibility to influence, willingness to commit sin, and interactions with other characters prove Lord Henry plays the biggest role in transforming Dorian from pure to vicious. With his cunning theories and brainwashing comments, Dorian cannot muster the strength to resist Lord Henry’s dominating nature, showing there are no limitations in relationships when it comes to influence. The topic of which character primarily influences Dorian to turn to a dishonest lifestyle is undeniably significant in understanding the purpose of the characters as well as the deeper meaning of the text. Work Cited Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1993.

Ethnic adoption Essay

Transracial adoption also known as TRA, is defined as the adoption of children of a different race or culture from their adoptive parents, has been a controversial issue in the United States. Social workers are usually the one that match the child with the â€Å"parents† when it comes to adoption. The number of adoptive parents does not relate with the number of adoptive minority children. Therefore, more parents of a different race are able to adopt them. Many social workers see transracial adoption as an ideal solution to the lack of adoptive homes for children of color. However, that is not the case with all social workers. There are some social workers that do not agree with TRA regardless of laws that have been set. They can prevent the placement of children of color with families of a different race by deciding they are not fit for different reasons. They are overlooking the reality of the situation. The reality is that there are children in America that need homes, and homes that need children. These social workers would rather have these children raised by the system than belong to a loving family all due to their argument that children should remain with their race to sustain their cultural background. Children need more than their cultural background. They need love, stability, and a good home. In America, a social worker’s mission is protecting children. When a child is neglected and needs to be removed from the home or situation their job is to find them an appropriate home. In most cases social workers view the situation as a whole and see that the child is taken care of regardless of the race of either the child or the adoptive home. In the process of finding a suitable home it’s important for the state, the child, and the adoptive home for the adoption to be successful. In any situation when making a match that will be successful it’s ideal to have as many common factors as possible. Race would be a factor in adoption to considerate when finding common ground. However, when the common factor is not available the option of looking outside of the common factor can prove to be successful. However, there are some people out there that disagree with this. The family members of the child or even some social workers will overlook the disposal of a home outside the race of the child in hopes to find a home of common race. Their argument is to place the child in an environment and culture in which they come from. In the meantime these children will remain within the system costing the system and  taxpayers money. The money used from the child being in the system is wasted as there is an available home for them to be placed in. The system the child is placed in is the foster care system. Although foster homes and foster families are adequately trained and certified by the state in which they live in to take children in their homes they are not the best place for a child. A child needs stability and a loving home, a permanent home.

Inheritance Justified

Inheritance Justified Free Online Research Papers I believe inheritance is justified for the simple reason that one should be able to pass on one’s achievements to one’s heirs. I think that one of the main reasons to work and amass abundance of wealth is so our children are able to have a better and easier life and won’t have to go through any struggles concerning money while they’re growing up. Even though this is contradicted in Haslett’s essay, when he says that working to provide wealth for our children is one but not the main factor for people to work hard, I still believe that having the opportunity to leave our wealth to someone we love and or care about, once we die is the main reason as to why we desire to be wealthy. I think our actual system where we can leave our children our wealth and give them the opportunity to run the family business and not be deprived of it when we die works just fine. As Haslett’s says in his essay, it might be true that wealth is unevenly distributed in our society and how a few of the population accounts for most of the wealth and most of the population has literally not much to nothing. But I disagree with his opinion, I don’t think this is mainly due to how many of the millionaires in this country have become millionaires by means of inheriting their wealth rather than by working for it. I believe the government and not inheritance is more to blame because of the poverty level and uneven distribution of wealth. Although it is true that child of wealthy parents have an unfair advantage over poor children, they still have to work at keeping their wealth and sometimes becoming wealthier, if not they would run out of money fairly easy because of their lifestyle. I believe the government should take part in leveling the field between wealthy and poor children not by abolishing inheritance but by providing opportunities for poor chi ldren to become more educated and being able to amass wealth just as wealthy children do. As for Haslett’s explanation as to how inheritance doesn’t go hand in hand in accordance with capitalism and how it seems to contradict the ideals of capitalism, well I disagree with his opinion. In a system based on capitalism individuals should be given the same opportunities to succeed, that’s true, but I don’t think that by taking someone’s wealth away would solve the problem or make it fair despite his explanation and opinions. Although it is true that children or people in general who inherent wealth have an advantage over those who were born poor or with no wealth, I believe the government could help in that matter. Instead of using funds in wars, pointless researches and projects, and rebuilding countries who definitely have more natural resources which make them wealthier than us, the government should invest more in our society education and economy to help lower the poverty level in our society. By giving everyone a chance to obtain a degree, the government would be kind of evening the odds when it comes to children who inherited wealth against those who were born poor or didn’t inherit their fortune from their parents. By allowing everyone to get an education and obtain their degree, whether they succeed and become wealthy is not a matter or having inherited a fortune anymore, but of having the desire and the will to become a successful and or wealthy individual. So in conclusion, I don’t think that by abolishing inheritance we will be able to evenly distribute the wealth in our country. I believe is more a matter of actually providing individuals a chance to be educated so that they have more chances of succeeding and be wealthy than it is about inheriting wealth. Individuals who are born wealthy may have an advantage over those who didn’t inherited any wealth at all, but taking their wealth wouldn’t be fair just as well as Haslett argues that it isn’t fair for those who are born with no wealth or didn’t inherited any wealth. Research Papers on Inheritance JustifiedThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Transborder Data Flows essays

Transborder Data Flows essays Perhaps before we start discussing information security and transborder data flows, we need to briefly address two of the characteristics of the global society nowadays: economical and cultural interdependence and the ever-growing technological developments. Indeed, if we refer strictly to the countries in the OECD, countries that are most advanced technologically, the globalization process taking place for the last couple of years has meant that they tend to interact more often, in such a manner that we can now address the term of "Transborder Data Flows". According to one of the articles, these can be defined as "flows of data with an international dimension"[1]. The internalization of information and the increasing data flow has two major implications, in my point of view. For once, it induces the OECD states to create the appropriate regulation that will prevent such things as "the unlawful storage of personal data, the storage of inaccurate personal data, or the abuse or unauthorized disclosure of such data"[2]. This means that each country needs to create a set of laws, constituting thus the appropriate legislative base that will regulate the process. The second implication regards this legislative set in a global context. Acknowledging the fact that the countries members of the OECD are also those which will be exchanging most information and will play the most important part in the transborder data flows, it is to be assumed that a set of rules that have a common ground and are harmonized with one another will tend to facilitate the international exchange of data and information. As we can see, we have two somewhat opposite implications in what the transborder data flows are concerned. On one hand, we are referring to regulation, because we need to make sure that the international data flows do not violate essential human rights, on the other...

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example However, at times, it can be stressful and intimidating depending on the experience of the chosen executor. As such, those who are inexperience in estate distribution may inadvertently land themselves or the estates under their watch at risk. According to Beckert (2007), estate administration or settling an estate is defined as the process in which a deceased person estate and financial affairs are brought to a close. This paper focus on distribution of Adams will in line with British trust laws. Executor and executorships responsibilities The role of an executor is to implement what is stipulated in the will in accordance with laid down trust law. According to Dauncey (2005), all beneficiaries must be treated fairly and equitably. The executor should gather information about all assets, locate them and ensure their protection. In addition, liabilities, debts and any unpaid taxes must also be assessed and payments made. In Williams v Williams, the judge upheld that the executor must have the ability, knowledge and clear understanding of testators’ estate in order to properly oversee investments, business interests, and real estate holdings and manage them in an effective manner. In order to ensure distribution of the deceased person estates, the executor may engage agents such as lawyers, accountants and trust professionals to assist in interpretation of the will provisions and the law for proper administration. Laws of succession are concerned with transfer of personal and real property from the testator to the successor. In 19th century, the British enacted Married Women Property Act that gave married women the right to own and control property inherited from their husbands. According to Succession Act 1981, section 45(1), in the event that a testator is a trustee, the clause excludes the vesting powers of a personal representative to act as the trustee of the property. In Adam’s case, the testator was a trustee, but in addition, had appointed t wo other trustees, Ahmed and Jake to manage his property. Therefore, the appointed trustees assumed powers, authorities and discretions of a trustee since they had been given powers upon creation of a trust. The Wills, Estates and Succession Act, 2009, provides that only property within the deceased estate shall be allocated to the beneficiaries in line with the will, trustees deed or by following scheme of intestate succession. Section 42 through to 50 of Wills, Estates and Succession Act, 2009 provides that testators property included in the will, trustees deed is said to â€Å"pass â€Å" by the instrument in which it is bequeathed. However, any property that is subject to bequeath in respect of Family Law Act, 2009 may pass to the surviving dependants directly. Adam and with his family were involved in a plane crash and unluckily, Adam and his three children succumbed to injuries. However, the wife Alexandria who was pregnant survived though the doctors termed her condition as critical. Alexandria was pregnant and later on gave birth to twins. Luckily, Adam had written a will which was witnessed by two persons, that is personal assistant and the secretary. Additionally, the deceased had also issued some oral instructions on administration of his estate. However, Ahmed and Jake who were appointed as executors will

Recovery of economic loss in negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recovery of economic loss in negligence - Essay Example ity to make use of the defective products. It is â€Å"habitually awarded in personal injury case ,e.g. for future loss of earnings. It has also been awarded in commercial cases , but there is no clear principle to determine when such losses are recoverable and when it is not.† 5 Pure economic loss, which is negligently caused to a party to a contract by acts or omission of a defendant, cannot give rise to any good cause of action.6 Economic loss in this sense is not recoverable under negligence or strict liability in tort. The claimant suffered only financial injury. Recovery of pure economic loss in negligence is a complex and difficult area of law. ... This principle is based on the necessity to limit the potentially unlimited liability, which can theoretically flow from negligence; otherwise, permitting recovery purely of economic nature will paralyze the judicial system and the society in general. 8 It was anchored on the belief that a single event may lead to any number of claims, which are so uncertain and so indeterminate it would make it intricate and very expensive for people to insure against this claim. The courts have categorized pure economic loss into 4. These are negligent statements, negligent performance of services, relational economic losses, and economic losses caused by defective products or buildings. Negligent statement involves reliance on representation and comments that were negligently given. Negligent Performance refers to failure to take responsible care to execute gratuitous service undertaken. Relational economic loss is a claim based on the injury of one person that may easily impair the financial posi tion of the other. And lastly, Economic losses caused by defective product or building is a claim founded on the belief that a duty of care in torts arises between the builder and the subsequent user.9 QUESTION #2 In the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller [1963] the accountant was adjudged negligent in giving statement which statement was relied upon by Hedley in granting additional order of advertisement to the client Easipower that soon become bankrupt. The Court held the accountant liable for the pure economic loss incurred by Hedley although there was no contractual relationship arising from the negligent statement. It has ruled that a negligent although honest misrepresentation, may give rise to an action for damages for financial loss even if there was no contract between

The Theory of Population Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Theory of Population - Assignment Example The term population cohort is even recognized as population pyramid and this concept forwards the notion that a particular population comprises of organisms that are similar in nature and interbreed in a particular area. The theory states that population changes in three different stages including the growth stage in which population experiences an increase as a result of abundant sources for nutrition and low competition for those sources. The second stage is the stability stage in which population growth increases at a stable rate because of the decrease in resources and increase in competition. The third stage is the decline in which the population growth decreases as a result of lack of resources and ultimately the population comes to an end. The term Islam is used to refer to the submission to what the God wills. This means that the believers in the religion of Islam give precedence to the God’s will over their own will in various endeavors of their life including daily activities, believes and ideas. The term Muslim is used to refer to an individual who follows the religion of Islam and is an individual who has surrendered himself to their God called Allah. This means that a Muslim is an individual who has given himself in the hands of God and has allowed God to decide what the individual should and should not do. The religion of Islam is based on five pillars that every Muslim has to accept and abide by. These pillars include the belief that there is no other God in this world except Allah. Furthermore, a believer has to worship Allah five times a day while facing towards Mecca. A believer even has to share his earnings with others in the form of charity and observe fast during the holy month of Ramadan. Lastly, a believer who has the physical, as well as monetary ability, should visit Mecca as a form of pilgrimage.

A Book Summary of the Goal Essay Example for Free

A Book Summary of the Goal Essay The story started off by relaying the current situation of Mr. Alex Rogo and the dire state of his metal working plant, UniCo. Being the plant manager and head honcho, Mr. Rogo was the represented all the problems the plant was experiencing. The business was down and not profiting at all due to efficiency and process related problems. The business was not producing the necessary inventory levels to sustain the business. It already had too many issues, which had to be fixed soon especially since Mr. Peach, who is Mr. Alex Rogo’s boss, blew his top over another urgent yet delayed order. Mr. Peach gave Mr. Rogo the ultimatum that if the plant operations would not shape up and improve within the next three months, he will shut the plant down. If the first chapter talked about the Mr. Rogo’s state of affairs at work, the second chapter talked about his personal life. Mr. Rogo was dissatisfied about his life. He was not at all too happy about the fact if he was thirty-eight years old and still where he was when he started. His family was also not happy, most especially his wife. He moved his family from the city six months ago to live in his hometown because he was determined to fix the problems UniCo was facing. His wife was very unhappy with this move because it was hard for them to adjust especially since they were used to the city life. In this chapter, issues about the delayed order in chapter one continued to resurface. It is with this reason Mr. Rogo called for a general meeting in the third chapter. Immediate changes needed to be done in order to avoid the issues they’ve been experiencing for a long time. This had to be communicated to his staff in order for them to help him with the situation. Mr. Rogo relayed the grim circumstance UniCo was facing and pointed out all the items that were not working for the company. To move forward, he gave directions on how to manage the scenario by stating the objectives that needed to be addressed within the next three months. It was in this chapter Mr. Rogo finds out that it may not only be UniCo that will perish but the holding company where Mr. Peach is a part of. As the meeting goes on in the fourth chapter, Mr. Rogo goes back in time and reminisces about a discussion he had with his old professor, Jonah, who also was a physicist. During that meeting, Jonah openly talked about the problems Mr. Rogo’s company was facing. Johan had made mention of all the possible issues that could happen with UniCo, which includes spiraling high inventory levels and delivery issues, where the company will be unable to meet deadlines for shipment. Johan hypothesized that in order for Mr. Rogo to fix his situation, he must define what his goal should be. Everything should always start with the definition of a goal. In order to figure out what the goal is, Mr. Rogo must apply the Theory of Constraints in order to successfully implement effective management. The Theory of Constraints includes knowing all the constraints that is hindering the company from experiencing efficient productivity. Once the constraints are identified, Mr. Rogo will be able to take measurable next to address these issues. The staff meeting continued to the fifth chapter, where Mr. Rogo leaves the meeting to be alone. He needed to sort out his thoughts and figure out what his ultimate goal should be. He wanted to figure out the goal he should have in order for him to be able to fix the predicament his company is facing. Deep in thought, while having pizza and beer, he begins to realize that it would be money, income, profitability that would inch him towards turning around his company and making it a successful business. Having a clear direction on where to go, Mr. Rogo sits with the group in the sixth chapter. It was in this chapter, they checked on the financial statements of the company. After evaluating the financial statements, the group was able to pinpoint that the return of investment is very low while the operating and investment expenses greatly needed improvement. In order for this improvement to take place, the company must increase profit to ensure increased return of investment and sufficient cash flow. To achieve this, Mr. Rogo ponders in the seventh chapter on how he will be able to make changes. Based on the initial evaluation his Finance group advised him, he will need to find a way to make sure he would be able to increases the monies that would flow within the company without increasing costs. He then decides to look for Jonah to learn more about how he can save the company especially since Jonah seemed to know so much about UniCo. In the eighth chapter, Mr. Rogo was able to talk to Jonah. It was in this chapter wherein Jonah educated him about three important concepts he must understand before he tries to implement new changes within the company. These three concepts include throughput, operational expenses and inventory levels. Jonah defined throughput as the rate of which a process is able to produce sales revenue from sales volume. He defined inventory to be the monetary asset within the system that needs to be sold in order for cash to pour in. Jonah also defined operational expense as the money spent to turn raw materials and all other resources into throughput. In the ninth chapter, Mr. Rogo discovered that robots and machines that were being used within the company are not efficient assets. Instead of the machines being able to solve cost reduction programs and bring down costs, it was doing quite the opposite bring bringing costs up. With this in mind, he gives his first direction by using these machines in other areas of the plant. In the tenth chapter, Mr. Rogo discussed the concepts he has learned from Jonah with Bob, Lou and Stacey, who represents Accounting, Inventory Control and Production Division. They discussed line-by-line how these concepts worked within the company and how it affected their profitability. The problem about the cost inefficiency of machine arose again, which made it even more urgent for them to discover how they can lower their costs without affecting other efficiencies within the plant. Since he was running out of ideas, Mr. Rogo decided to go to New York to have another talk with Jonah. Mr. Rogo arrived in New York in the eleventh chapter. It was in this chapter where he started telling Jonah about his dire situation at the plant. Jonah advised Mr. Rogo that he should not maintain a balanced plant. A balanced plant means that capacity is only enough for the demand of the market. If this is the case, then the company would be much closer to being bankrupt. Before they had ended the conversation, Jonah advised Mr. Rogo to look into the relationship of dependent events with statistical fluctuations and how these two things would affect his company. As soon as Mr. Rogo got back to his hometown in Chapter Twelve, he continued to face problems at home. His wife questioned his devotion to their family versus his devotion to the company. Because of the extra workload on this plate, his relationship with his life partner had suffered. It was a very grueling situation he was in. He had problems not only at work but at home as well. In the thirteenth chapter, Mr. Rogo goes on a camping trip and thought of what Jonah mentioned to him in their last meeting. It was during this trip that he understood the relationship of dependent events with statistical fluctuations. He was able to get this realization while he was hiking. The realization became clearer to Mr. Rogo in the next chapter. He now understood what Jonah was trying to point out. If importance would not be given to throughput, operational expenses and inventory levels, and if a balance plant will be maintained, inventory levels will decrease and operational expenditures will increase. In the fifteenth chapter, Mr. Rogo decided to do an experiment to test his realization. He assisted the lowest kids of the pack by carrying the kid’s backpack. Since the kid could walk faster, it did not delay the group. In effect, the group became faster and efficiency had been achieved. It was a good weekend for Mr. Rogo because his mind was open as all the realizations poured to his head. However, when he and his children got home in the sixteenth chapter, they found out that his wife—the mother of his children, had packed all her bags and left them without leaving word where she would go. She left because she was already angry with Mr. Rogo. As man and wife, they had an agreement that they were going to spend time together during that weekend; however, it didn’t push through because he had to go with his children on the camping trip. In the next chapter, Mr. Rogo relayed his realizations to his staff. During the cascade, it seemed as if his staff was not taking him seriously. They acted uninterested and bored until a new problem surfaced. There was another overdue order, which had not been delivered, which had to be met right away. In Chapter Eighteen, Mr. Rogo again talked to Jonah, who in turn briefed him about the difference of bottlenecks with non-bottlenecks. A bottleneck according to Jonah is when capacity meets demand or when capacity is less than the demand, while a non-bottleneck is the opposite, wherein capacity is more than demand. Jonah subtly suggested to Mr. Rogo that he should first fix the bottlenecks. In next chapter, as Jonah visited the plant, he pointed out to Mr. Rogo that he should improve capacity in the bottlenecks by using the machines more effectively. If machines would be used more efficiently, Mr. Rogo will be able to maintain correct inventory levels and will be able to decrease operational expenses. Jonah and Mr. Rogo went around the plant evaluating these machines, stopping at one area at a time, to evaluate the cost and efficiency of each machine. In Chapter Twenty, Mr. Rogo started working on what he and Jonah discussed. He had to make the bottlenecks efficient to the whole production process of the plant. He did this by first giving directions that the bottlenecks should only be used for overdue orders. In terms of ranking, production in bottlenecks should prioritize the most overdue orders to the most little overdue orders. It was also in this chapter wherein Mr. Rogo was able to talk to his wife about the problems they were going through. She had been residing in her parent’s home since she left Mr. Rogo’s house. In spite of being able to talk to her, she did not go back home with him. In Chapter Twenty, Mr. Rogo went back to work and focused his efforts on knowing how he can continually improve the process within the company. Since a system has been placed with regards to priority orders for bottlenecks, Mr. Rogo directed that to guide the workers about this change, there should be some sort of communication relaying the different areas of the bottlenecks. Mr. Rogo proposed and implemented the use of red and green tags to distinguish the bottleneck areas. The next chapter showed the success of this initiative. Mr. Rogo had received twelve orders and these were successfully delivered on time. Mr. Rogo, happy with how everything was turning well, pushed his production manager to continue what they started by evaluating more old machines and bottlenecks. Even if Mr. Rogo had tasted success, he still found that this was not enough. He still wanted to do more to change and improve the company. He wanted to make sure that the company would have constant returns in the long run. Another problem arose in the Twenty-Third Chapter, wherein delays in two bottlenecks were experienced. These bottlenecks transpired because the workers would not stay in place during the whole time. In order to maximize the workers, they were given directions to stay busy and move from one area to another. In order to solve this problem, Mr. Rogo directed that there would be a dedicated worker—foreman, who will watch over each bottleneck area. This was a good move in Rogo’s end because one of his foremen was able to bring a good idea to the table, which helped increase efficiency by another ten percent. The foreman also suggested that they should mix and match orders based on priority. With the changes implemented and the new system in place, Mr. Rogo found out in Chapter Twenty-Four that there were more bottlenecks that what they had expected, which continued to pose as problems. At the last same, there was decreasing inventory, which should not be happening. This puzzled Jonah, who agreed to go back to the plant to evaluate this phenomenon. In Chapter Twenty-Five, Jonah pointed out to Mr. Rogo that there were no bottlenecks in actuality. It only seemed that way because there was no balance between the bottlenecks and non-bottlenecks. Because of this evaluation, direction to modify the tags had been given by Mr. Rogo. In Chapter Twenty-Six, another suggestion was given to improve efficiency. According to one of his staff, they could do this by creating a schedule with the bottlenecks. Even Jonah agreed that this would enable the bottlenecks to keep busy and run efficiently without causing setbacks on costs and time. Another meeting with Mr. Peaches transpired in the twenty-seventh chapter. This was the day Mr. Rogo had been waiting for. Mr. Rogo reported the improvements and negotiated for the company to continue running. The meeting was concluded with the agreement Mr. Peaches would not close down the plant if Mr. Rogo will be able to improve margins by another fifteen percent. In Chapter Twenty-Eight, Mr. Rogo anxiously spoke to Jonah once again. Jonah informs him in this chapter that he will be unavailable in the next few weeks. Mr. Rogo asks Jonah how he should reach the objective Mr. Peaches had challenged him to achieve. Jonah, his old professor, suggested that he lessen the batch production size by fifty percent. This would be beneficial to the company because this implementation would ensure lesser lead times and would reduce the costs by fifty percent as well. In Chapter Twenty-Nine, Mr. Rogo became successful by doing what Jonah advised. He was able to deliver one thousand products by cutting the batch sizes and shipping 25% each week. The customer was so happy that he made a personal appearance at the plant. The customer even went to the extent of shaking hands with everybody visible in the plan, and to top it all, he handed UniCo a contract for ten thousand orders. In effect, this was ninety percent more orders than the initial one. Because of this achievement, Mr. Rogo got promoted to hold Mr. Peaches position in Chapter Thirty-One. However, with bigger responsibilities, there are bigger problems especially since he will be managing not only one plant but three plants. Again, Mr. Rogo had to consult with Jonah once again. In Chapter Thirty-Two, Mr. Rogo finally got to converse with his wife over dinner. It was during dinner both husband and wife talked about the situation at work and how Mr. Rogo was faring. At the end of the conversation, the couple decided that the best way to go about the problem in Mr. Rogo’s office is to call Jonah once again to ask for help. Mr. Rogo should seek advice from Jonah on how he can influence other people to use the same process UniCo has been using to turn around the business. In the next chapter, Mr. Rogo brought together his staff to discuss what is needed in order to solve Division’s problems and issues. At the meeting, he was puzzled why his production manager didn’t want to take part of this new project. Mr. Rogo was happy though that his accountant, who was supposed to retire soon, would still be able to help him. He needed his staff to successfully achieve his new objectives. In Chapter Thirty-Four, Mr. Rogo continued to be anxious about the next steps he will take. It was in this chapter that he shows importance to the people that were under him since he started his mission in turning UniCo around. He started implementing a daily meeting with them to evaluate all the issues that needed to be fixed. He needed all of them since it was going to be a grueling undertaking to handle his new workload. He needed all the help he could get. In the second meeting in Chapter Thirty-Five, the topic revolved around the periodic table of elements, which inspired them since the scientists started on scratch and was able to produce the table of periodic elements in an orderly fashion. They realized that they must all understand how order can be placed within the Division. It was in Chapter Thirty-Six wherein they were able to identify how they can implement order. They would be able to do this by first identifying all the bottlenecks. Once they know the issues, they would be able to turn into opportunities. Aside from knowing the issues, they must know the issues under the main issues. Knowing all of this will enable them to evaluate the bottlenecks as efficiently as possible. The last step they identified was going back to repeat step one if something goes haywire with a bottleneck. This process was further revised or somehow reworded in Chapter Thirty-Seven. It was in this chapter that they found out the bottlenecks have been producing excess orders just to keep the machines busy. Because they were able to point this out, they were able to improve capacity by twenty percent. In Chapter Thirty-Eight, Mr. Rogo found out how he can further improve sales volume and profitability of his division. He came out with the idea to sell the Division’s products in Europe at a cheaper gross selling price. If they would be able to achieve this, they would earn additional income from a new market. In Chapter Thirty-Nine, Mr. Rogo is faced with another problem. The additional orders they have accepted were causing more trouble than good as it created more bottlenecks. He sat down with his staff once again and evaluated how they could fix it. They decided that they would increase the inventory levels and mandate sales not to commit to shipping orders in the next four weeks. This would cause a strain between Production and the Sales Group, however, they had to implement it to ensure balance within the company. In the last chapter, Mr. Rogo no longer needs Jonah to ask him questions, as he is now able to ask his own questions. As he poses the questions to himself, he realizes that he has finally answered Jonah’s main question. Wanting change, knowing what to change and the steps to achieve that change is key to successful management of a business. Reference: Goldratt, E. M. , Cox, J. (1994). The Goal A Process of Ongoing Improvement. New York: North River Press.

Models In The Fashion Industry Cultural Studies Essay

Models In The Fashion Industry Cultural Studies Essay In the contemporary world, fashion has become a powerful force. For most of the people in our daily life, fashion is something they read about or buy in stores. In a broad sense, fashion means all things and a global business which covers a diverse range of commercial activities, ranging from the unglamorous worlds of mass garment production to celebrity- patronized fashion shows and the associated reportage in the fashion press (JacksonShaw, 2009). In the fashion world, modeling industry plays a central role in its developments. Thousands of people, especially those little girls, are dreaming to be involved in the fashion industry. In their impression, models work in photographers studios or runways or on the cover of magazines, they are in a fun; models are creative because they create their own look (Parmentier Fischer, 2011). They are the representation of artistic creativity and self- expression who always change their performance to project an appropriate image for different si tuations and specific clients and designs. In this sense, despite whether those youngsters have ever sought or gained entry into the field of fashion, in nowadays, they are encouraged to regard the life of the fashion model as an ideal myth. It is no exaggeration to suggest that many young girls treat being a fashion model as among the most glamorous and desirable of possible futures (Wolf, 1991). This article focuses on the real status of models in the fashion industry. Viewing models self-commodification as forms of aesthetic, entrepreneurial, and immaterial labor, I turn my attention on the polarized work of fashion models. Basing on the critical theory, this article uses three approaches (The culture industry, Governmentality, creativity) to explore how certain actors in a dynamic, constantly contested, cultural field may experience constraints on their individual identity quests. First, I argue that how the life of models looks like to the masses, and look for some reasons that why people would like to pursue the life of being a model. Then I focus more discussions on the unsustainable modeling identity projects in the fashion industry. Act as the aesthetic labor, models are faced with many restrictions and risks not only come from the groups that they cooperate with like agency, designer, editor, but also their competitors. Besides of that, some models also suffer from t he discrimination and inequality because of the divisions of the fashion modeling industry. So in this sector, I will take the plus- sized model for example in order to advance our understanding the institutional contexts in fashion industry and our insight into the limitations of those not general models face in pursuing their careers. Searching method For the sake of a deep and comprehensive understanding of fashion modeling, the best way to do the research is using participant observations and interviews. According to many scholars, they adopt this method interviewing models in different levels, gender, age and so on. Basing on the questions and contents, they do data selection to integrate the valuable information and report the results. Because of some limitations, however, I cannot do such interview, so I take full advantage of other resources. This thesis mainly adopts two methods of study. One is documentary research method, which is collecting a large number of materials about the modeling fashion industry in order to understand this field and occupation more comprehensively. First, I select some books and journals which ranging from the history of fashion industry such as marketing todays fashion (Paola Mueller, 1980), to the development of this field like Angela McRobbies British fashion design: Rag trade or image industr y? (1998). Basing on the predecessors research achievements I document an intensive aesthetic labor process. I also search information on the internet to see the characters of fashion models and some debates on the fashion modeling industry. Besides, I pay close attention to a reality show American Britains Next Top Model. By observing and analyzing the process of the competition and track the future development of participants I realize the ruthlessness of fashion modeling industry. The other searching method is comparative analysis approach. In order to highlight the contradictory work in this aesthetic labor market, I compare the different treatment between the high fashion models and commercial models, and the discrimination of those plus-sized models. Literature review Since it is considered to have originated in the mid- nineteen century in Paris, models has appeared in the view of the public. With confidence and enthusiasm, significant numbers of young women launched their own labels from the mid-1980s onwards. Back to the history, there are some critical factors to the success of start of fashion industry which include the support from the government and local authority by subsidy; the cooperation between designers with the producers, agencies and labors; recognition of the distinctiveness of fashion work as an independent cultural and artistic practice, not a conventional business activity. The recent researches have focused attention on different aspects of embodiment in contemporary labor practices, such as detailing the ways in which bodies are managed and surveyed at work (Freeman, 2000; Entwistle, 2004), how bodily performances at work are gendered (Taylor and Tyler, 2000; Gottfried, 2003) and the role of dress in marking out identities at work (Entwistle, 2001). Then a classic account of emotional labor as important in terms of opening up questions about the ways in which contemporary work practices harness the many embodied capabilities of workers. Within this broad research agenda, analysis has been directed towards aesthetic labor as one dimension of current trends in work practices (Pettinger, 2004; Speiss and Waring, 2005). In this article, I argue that previous scholarship on modeling fashion industry seldom explore the tensions between fashion as art form and the demand of a ruthlessly commercial industry. Building on previous research that has examined the staged performance of fashion models, I look for the backstage aesthetic labor process. Combining culture industry, governmentality and creativity, I focus on the unsustainable identity projects in the modeling fashion industry. The contradictory work in the modeling fashion industry From the catwalk to the high-style boutique, the common perception of the modeling fashion industry is glamour and indulgence. Indeed, to many people especially in nowadays, fashion modeling is much more than an occupation, but a dream of every little girl. Just as the feminist scholar Naomi Wolf suggests that it is a fantasy that probably the most widespread contemporary dream shared by young women from all backgrounds (Wolf, 1991). People aspires the ideal model life, which means to become a member of an elite and small group. Their bodies and personalities are intensely sought after for their aesthetic singularity and in return they can get some rewards such as money, fame, luxurious goods as well as celebrity status. Undoubtedly, those models careers not just limited in the field of fashion but extend to other culturally celebrated professions like singer or film actor. The models work as the aesthetic labor, which combines the affective, emotional and physical labor, they play to an advancing self production to extend beyond the confines of modeling work into daily life experience. As aesthetic laborers, they are demanded the effort of body in the production of an appropriately attractive appearance for work. However, in practice, models are always subject to fashions gaze, and endure many restrictions or discriminations coming from both outside and themselves, such as they have to engage in a range of bodily disciplines that relied on thin aesthetics, and do on beyond work hours, etc. We will talk about the restriction from the following aspects. 3.1 Personality In contemporary society, models are regarded as walking mannequins or passive hangers for clothes. The modeling industry moves in shorter cycles than ever before, comparing with other sectors, it is a personality based and subjective industry. In modeling much emphasis is placed on the projection of personality (Entwistle Wissinger, 2006), which forms an integral aspect of the aesthetic labor of freelancing models. Thus models see their bodies as objects of aesthetic contemplation through all manner of bodily work. It just adapt to the governmentality theory that Banks (2007) comes up in his book. It demonstrates that instead of using force and coercion, how the cultural worker has come to be governed only by subjectivizing discourses of enterprise. So models who want to succeed talk of having to become self-managing and astute about their product-their entire embodied self, must do self-control to ensure their current status. To produce a fashionable look, models need to wear the mo st fashionable clothes and go to the most fashionable parties. This situation will not be changed until they are successful. In the case of supermodels, they may no longer have to obey others instruction; they will be given the designer clothes, can cooperate with distinguished photographers and even can expand the career into other sectors. Take Tyra Banks for instance, as an excellent multi-dwelling star, she began her career as model, simultaneously she steps into other professions being the host of reality show, the actress, singer and dancer. Each of this field she has achieved remarkable achievement. These practices involve both aesthetic labor, in which workers invest in styling their bodies and personalities to get and keep work (Entwistle Wissinger, 2006), and entrepreneurial labor, in which workers invest time, energy and funds to foster professional relationships, and build their productive capacity in return for uncertain rewards. These two labors demand workers be enterprising, which they work to create an image that will sell. Models valorize their image, an image that is constructed on a whole day basis, making it difficult for models to distinguish between when they are on or off the job. This work to produce an image may be understood as aesthetic labor (Entwistle Wissinger, 2006). 3.2 Marginalization within the field The fashion system places a quite different valorization on different types of work within the field. There are quite lot of discriminations and unequal treatments between commercial models and editorial models. Commercial work is done for catalogues, website, and department stores; the aim is promoting products ranging from food to drink. While the contracts are regarded as relatively low status compared with the high-status brands promoted by editorial models. While one of the essential features of editorial models is being featured on the cover of or within the fashion pages of high fashion magazines like Vogue, Harpers Bazaar and Elle. Be the supermodel also means to modeling for couturiers and designers fashion shows and to be hired as the face for an international luxury brand of a fashion product such as shoes, clothing, or cosmetics(McRobbie, 2002). In contrast to commercial models, whose look are more conventionally beautiful or handsome, fashion models are referred to as ha ving an editorial look, their extreme appearance are often be described with such adjectives as quirky or edgy. A professional model is someone who consents in writing to or performs modeling for the transfer of the exclusive right to the use of his or her name, portrait, picture or image, for advertising or trade purpose. Models engage in identity construction within a field comprised of an international net work of relationships between various mutually dependent, but unequally powerful. But most models will do some of the less prestigious types of commercial work over the course of their careers, only a small set engages in editorial work, as it is much more restricted and competitive. When watching the American Next Top Model, the competitors are required have some personalities to be outstanding but as the same time observe the rules of the industry. They must match up what the photographers and judges demands and satisfied their clients. To those competitors they scarcely make their own decision, and the emotions and attitudes cannot express in the process of work. The payment between commercial models and editorial models also has a big disparity. The structure of the work means that models are usually hired by the hour, day or project, which means they have no guarantees of continued employment. Rewards for top models are disproportionately high but most models incomes are modest at best. Like other artistic careers, fashion modeling consists mainly of short-term contractual ties, in which employment is on a per-project basis, and teams are assembled around specific jobs which are then dispersed after the project is finished. In this sense, it is hard for many commercial models to find a permanently clients to afford their basic life.