Understanding Jim Crow Laws

Understanding Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws maintained racial segregation in the South beginning in the late 1800s. After slavery ended, many whites feared the  freedom  blacks had. They loathed the idea that it would be possible for African Americans to achieve the same social status as whites if given the same access to employment, healthcare,  housing ,  and education. Already uncomfortable with the gains some blacks made during  Reconstruction, whites took issue with such a prospect. As a result, states began to pass laws that placed a number of restrictions on blacks. Collectively, these laws limited black advancement and ultimately gave blacks the status of second-class citizens. The Origins of Jim Crow Florida became the first state to pass such laws, according to Americas History, Volume 2: Since 1865.  In 1887, the Sunshine State issued a series of regulations that required racial segregation in public transportation and other public facilities. By 1890, the South became fully segregated, meaning that blacks had to drink from different water fountains from whites, use different bathrooms from whites and sit apart from whites in movie theaters, restaurants, and buses. They also attended separate schools and lived in separate neighborhoods. Racial apartheid in the United States soon earned the nickname, Jim Crow. The moniker comes from a 19th-century minstrel song called â€Å"Jump Jim Crow,† popularized by a minstrel performer named Thomas â€Å"Daddy† Rice, who appeared in blackface. The Black Codes, a set of laws Southern states began passing in 1865, after slaverys end, were a precursor to Jim Crow. The codes imposed curfews on blacks, required unemployed blacks to be jailed and mandated that they get white sponsors to live in town or passes from their employers, if they worked in agriculture. The Black Codes even made it difficult for African Americans to hold meetings of any kind, including church services. Blacks who violated these laws could be fined, jailed, if they could not pay the fines, or required to perform forced labor, just as they had while enslaved. Essentially, the codes recreated slavery-like conditions. Legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments sought to grant more liberties to African Americans. These laws, however, focused on citizenship and suffrage and did not prevent the enactment of Jim Crow laws years later. Segregation did not only function to keep society racially stratified but also resulted in homegrown terrorism against blacks. African Americans who did not obey Jim Crow laws could be beaten, jailed, maimed or lynched. But a black person neednt flout Jim Crow laws to become a target of violent white racism. Black people who carried themselves with dignity, thrived economically, pursued education, dared to exercise their right to vote or rejected the sexual advances of whites could all be targets of white racism. In fact, a black person neednt do anything at all to be victimized in this manner. If a white person simply didnt like the look of a black person, that African American could lose everything, including his life. Legal Challenges to Jim Crow The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) constituted the first major legal challenge to Jim Crow. The plaintiff in the case, Homer Plessy, a Louisiana Creole, was a shoemaker and activist who sat in a whites-only train car, for which he was arrested (as he and fellow activists planned). He fought his removal from the car all the way to the high court, which ultimately decided that separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites werent discriminatory. Plessy, who died in 1925, would not live to see this ruling overturned by the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which found that segregation was indeed discriminatory. Although this case focused on segregated schools, it led to the reversal of laws that enforced segregation in city parks, public beaches, public housing,  interstate and intrastate travel and elsewhere. Rosa Parks famously challenged racial segregation on city buses in Montgomery, Ala., when she refused to relinquish her seat to a white man on Dec. 1, 1955. Her arrest sparked the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott. While Parks challenged segregation on city buses, the activists known as the Freedom Riders challenged Jim Crow in interstate travel in 1961. Jim Crow Today Although racial segregation is illegal today, the United States continues to be a racially stratified society. Black and brown children are much more likely to attend schools with other black and brown children than they are with whites. Schools today are, in fact, more segregated than they were in the 1970s. Residential areas in the U.S. mostly remain segregated as well, and the high numbers of black men in prison mean that a large swathe of the African American population does not have its freedom and is disenfranchised, to boot. Scholar Michelle Alexander coined the term the New Jim Crow to describe this phenomenon.   Similarly, laws that target undocumented immigrants have led to the introduction of the term Juan Crow. Anti-immigrant bills passed in states such as California, Arizona,  and Alabama in recent decades have resulted in unauthorized immigrants living in the shadows, subject to shoddy working conditions, predatory landlords, a lack of healthcare, sexual assault, domestic violence and more. Although some of these laws have been struck down or largely gutted, their passage in various states have created a hostile climate that makes undocumented immigrants feel dehumanized. Jim Crow is a ghost of what it once was but racial divisions continue to characterize American life.

Create Effective Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and Twitter - CoSchedule

Create Effective Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and Twitter Organic social media reach  is on the decline. To make matters worse, competition is only getting more fierce. From Fortune 500 companies to small mom and pop shops, all types of businesses are getting in on the social media marketing game. Plus, youre not just competing against other brands for attention. Youre competing against updates from friends and family, funny animal GIFs, and everything else people might come across on social media. Users feeds are so saturated, getting seen by your intended audience can be incredibly difficult. If youre going to succeed, you need to get creative. One way to start experimenting is with multi-image social media posts. In fact, posts with multiple images have been shown to get more reach  (and the data doesnt lie). More reach means more opportunities to connect with your audience (and turn them into leads and customers). Intrigued? Read on to learn how to create effective multi-image posts and start pushing your reach in the right direction. Did You Know Now Supports Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and Twitter? ^^^ You better believe it! Your favorite marketing and social media scheduling tool now supports multi-image social media posts for your Facebook and Twitter accounts. With the ability to schedule multi-image posts using , your team no longer has to worry about sending one image at a time. Not only that but grouping your images together to creates a visually impactful social media post which can help draw more eyes to your content. More eyes = more leads = more sales! More eyes = more leads = more sales!Ready to try it yourself? Start your free 14-day trial. Then, read this post to learn how to get the most of your new tool. Recommended Reading: How to Convince Your Team to Use (And Love) Create Multi-Image Posts With This Giant Social Media Image Bundle (Psst Its Free) Were so excited about launching multi-image post support that were giving away this enormous bundle of free stock photos! Download em all now and use them in your own marketing, totally free of charge.How to Create the Most Effective Multi-Image Posts on Facebook and TwitterWhat Are Multi-Image Social Media Posts? It might seem like an obvious question, but first, let's explain what multi-image posts are (and are not). Multi-Image posts are the same as your standard social media post. But, instead of one image, they include multiple images. Here's a great example from Ford Motor Company: Posted by Ford Motor Company on  Thursday, April 27, 2017 We should note this post will only cover organic multi-image posts on Facebook and Twitter. Facebook carousel posts are a little more complex (and worthy of a post unto themselves), so we won’t be discussing them here. Recommended Reading: How to Make the Best Social Media Images the Easy Way Why Should Marketers Create Multi-Image Posts? You may have just read that and thought, â€Å"Yeah, but what's the real benefit to adding more images to my posts?† There are three main benefits that can come from utilizing multi-image social media posts: Increased engagement. Multi-image posts add more visual appeal. That means your posts will have a better chance of standing out in a cluttered newsfeed. Thus, they create more opportunities to drive engagement. Tell more complete visual stories. If a picture is worth a thousand words, then what's the value of adding even more pictures? By including several related photos (or even sequential images showing steps in a process), you can add more context to your content. Showcase more details about your products. Now you can show off multiple angles, features, and more in greater detail, enticing your customers to buy (or at least start doing more research). Organic reach declining? Try using multi-image posts to pick it up back up.How Do I Create Multi-Image Posts On Facebook? Now comes the fun part, creating your multi-image posts on Facebook. We’ll break this down and show you how to create them in and on the network. How To Create Multi-Image Posts On Facebook Via Desktop To create multi-image posts on your desktop, first open your company Facebook page: Click on  Share a photo or video: Click on Upload photos/videos a pop up window will appear that will let you select the photos that you want to upload to your status: Select your photos: Your photos will appear in preview and you can drag and drop them in the order you want them to appear in your post: You can then either publish or schedule your post. How To Create Multi-Image Posts On Facebook Via Mobile To schedule your multi-image posts on mobile, open your Facebook app and go to your company page: Click on Publish and then Photo/Video: Select your photos. The order that you select your photos in is the order that they will appear in your post: Unlike the desktop version, you cannot drag and rearrange your photos once they are in place. So, be conscious of the order you select them in. Once you have the right order, you can publish or schedule the post right from the app: How To Schedule Multi-Image Facebook Posts Via Desktop With Now let’s say that your team decides to use to create and send your multi-image Facebook messages. To set up those messages on your desktop, go to your calendar: Click the + button in the upper right-hand corner and select Social Media Message: Select your Facebook profile: Once your profile is selected, you can upload photos for the post: A pop up window will appear allowing you to choose your photos: Once your photos are uploaded you can rearrange the photos in the order that you want them to appear. will preview the post before it’s published: Once you fill in the text on your post, you can scroll down and schedule your post: How To Schedule Multi-Image Facebook Posts Via The Mobile App Download the app via the App Store  (iOS) or Play Store  (Android) and log into your calendar: Tap the content tab and create a post for your Facebook profile: Select your profile: Click Add Images: You can also pre-schedule your posting time at this point as well: Choose where you want to upload your photos from (you can either take a photo, or select images from your photo library): Choose which photos from your camera roll are going to be in your post: Rearrange your photos and check the post preview to make sure they are displaying correctly: Preview your post: Schedule your post: That's it! Facebook Multi-Image Best Practices When creating multi-image posts on Facebook, consider image size and consistency. Different size images create different effects for your post. Similar-sized images will create more of a square image gallery. Here is what different combinations of image sizes look like. Two photos: Three photos: Four photos: Five photos (notice this creates a +2 square): Three photos (with one image of unequal size to the other two): Four photos (with one of unequal size) Overall, ensure that your images are related and be mindful of how they'll look once published. How Do I Create Multi-Image Posts On Twitter? The other network we'll be discussing is Twitter. It's a little more limited than Facebook in terms of handling multiple images, but it's still pretty easy to get them published. How To Schedule Multi-Image Posts On Twitter Via Desktop First, head to your Twitter page and click tweet in the upper right-hand corner like you usually do: Click the image button: Once you select Add photos or video a second screen will appear allowing you to select your photos: Unlike Facebook, Twitter only allows you to upload four pictures at a time. Photos can’t be dragged and dropped around like Facebook either, so they’ll need to be upload in the order you want them to appear in your post: Look at my new puppy pic.twitter.com/Ymrjaygnyv - Breonna Bergstrom (@brebergstrom) August 29, 2017 How To Schedule Multi-Image Twitter Posts Via Mobile Open your Twitter app and select the profile you want to tweet from: Click the create new Tweet icon: Then add in up to four photos from your phone: And then select from your available images: Next, include your post text: How To Schedule Multi-Image Twitter Posts On Your Desktop Via Open your calendar: Click the + in the upper right-hand corner and select Social Message:   Select your Twitter channel: Then click to add in a maximum of four photos to your post. A second screen will appear allowing you to upload them straight into : Once your photos are uploaded you can preview what your post will look like. If you don’t like the way that your photos look you can drag them around until you find the combination you’re looking for: Once you have your photos set you can schedule or publish your post: How To Schedule Multi-Image Twitter Posts With The Mobile App Open your App: Select social message and then the Twitter profile you want to send your post from: Select add image: You can either upload photos via your camera roll or snap ones using your phone: Select your photos: Preview your post: Schedule it to publish: Twitter Multi-Image Best Practices Multi-image posts work similarly on Twitter, as they do on Facebook. For example, the way they display depends on the size and combination of images you include. Here are what different combinations of images look like on Twitter. Two Images: Three Images: Four Images: Unlike Facebook, you cannot add more than four images to a Twitter post. Your team should also think about what order they want photos to be in when they are uploaded to Twitter. If you want one image to stand out in a set of three it would be best to place that image first and the others second, third, and fourth respectively. Recommended Reading: The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Traffic By 192% Now You Can Schedule All Your Multi-Image Posts In One Place Instead of having to keep track of every photo, schedule every post and then panic if the wrong image was paired with the wrong post, make it easy and use . First, open your calendar and select the brand you want to work with: Then select the channels you want to send your post on: From there, add in the images that you want to post to your channels, but remember if you choose Twitter, you can only choose a maximum of four photos: Draft your text: Drag and drop your photos in the order that you want them to appear and check the preview: Publish or schedule your message: It’s really that easy. Plus, with Best Time Scheduling, can make sure all your posts are optimally scheduled. With built-in Social Analytics, you can also know exactly how those posts are performing, too. Recommended Reading: How to Build a Social Media Editorial Calendar The Easy Way (Free Template) Now You Can Be A Multi-Image Posting Pro The benefits to multi-images post are clear. Standing out means you get more eyeballs on your content, which turn into leads which turn into sales. Plus, you now know exactly how to create those posts, using the apps themselves or with . Ready to try it yourself? Schedule a demo now.

Reflective research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective research - Essay Example Various models of reflection had been postulated for the benefit of nursing. Nurses attained professionalism by the concept of reflections. They analyzed past occurrences and experiences and learnt from them. Reflection may be defined as â€Å"the ability to reflect into past experiences for the purpose of continuous learning† (Schon, 1983). The reflective processes assisted systematic problem-solving in a stepwise manner. Reflective nursing was a learning on-the-job where nurses were able to learn from past incidences apart from the theoretical knowledge. Experience was insufficient to provide a learning process. The experience had to be combined with reflection to bring out subtle details to enhance the learning process (Boud et al in Horn and Freed, 2008). Journaling had been advocated for closing the gap between theory and practice (Horn and Freed, 2008) Writing down notes after a particular experience or daily reflections helped a nurse develop the critical thinking proce ss. Nursing students could consider the experience with each client as unique and record the experience in the journal. Metacognition had been recognized as another method to modify the learning experience (Horn and Freed, 2008). ... Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988), John’s model of reflection (1994) and Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) were different learning models for nursing. The following is Gibbs cycle. Figure 1 Gibbs Model of Reflection Description What happened? Action Plan Feelings If it arose again, What were you what would you do? thinking and feeling? Conclusion Evaluation What else could you What was good and have done? and bad about the experience? Analysis What sense can you make of the situation Gibbs’ model helped nurses learn from reflections. The description of what had happened provided the details of the day’s incident. The emotions that accompanied the incident expanded the circumstances under which it occurred and how one responded. Positive or negative emotions could have accompanied the incident. The evaluation of the incident contained the reason for it happening. This could further be analysed to infer how that event should have turned out had you been an experienced nurse and acted in another manner Analysis enabled one to argue how the outcome could have been improved and made different. This led to the conclusion. Using this conclusion the nurse could plan the action for the next time such an incident was repeated. With that she could make an imprint in her mind which she could use later. When the new incident happened, it would similarly help her through the steps of the Gibb’s cycle and produce more learning. A novice nurse who used this cycle for her learning process could reach competency very early in her life as a nurse. The incident which stimulated the research The memory of Mrs. Lopez, a 69 year old grandmother, recovering in the rehabilitation ward and who had a fall still upsets me. It was a terrible and avoidable

Jewish marriage ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jewish marriage ceremony - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that marriage has different meanings for different societies. For some societies, marriage is associated with social and legal implications. Other societies attach strong cultural and religious traditions to marriage. In the Jewish society, marriage is not a mere social arrangement or a contractual engagement. It amounts to a bonding of spiritual nature, which is meant to fulfill what the Jews refer to a mitzvah, which is perceived as a highly divine dictum. It involves complete devotion of the bride’s life to the groom and vice versa and, as Kabbalists would put it, the two souls, upon marriage, are automatically integrated into one, which exists in two different bodies. In the traditional sense, a Jewish marriage cannot be said to happen by chance in any way – it involves what people from western countries do not seem to embrace, referring to it as the old-fashioned way. As such, the first step that defines the uniqueness in Jewish marriages is referred to as matchmaking or shidduch. The meet-up process is not spontaneous and does not rely purely on external influences; it is planned by a person who is close enough to the young man or woman seeking a partner to know the kind of person that he or she would want to be with and suggest a meeting. All of which has to go according to plan. This is an important step in an effort to ensure that the two are compatible with each other.

The Outsiders :: essays research papers

The Outsiders Book Review The Outsiders was written by Susan Eloise Hinton. It is one of her most popular books about foolish gang rivalry existing between the Socs, the rich kids from the west side of town, and the Greasers, the poor kids from the east side. Ponyboy Curtis struggles growing up as a poor youth with his two brothers. One night while he is out with Johnny, Ponyboy is attacked by the Socs. Johnny ends up killing one of the Socs. They both flee from the scene before the news gets out. They are caught in a fire and Johnny and Ponyboy become heroes for saving some children. The story has a tragic end for Johnny but Ponyboy realises that he is fortunate, having family and friends that love him The main character in this book is a 14 year old boy named Ponyboy. He lives with his two older brothers, Darry and Sodapop, ever since his parents passed away. He and his brothers belong to a gang called the Greasers, who are from the wrong side of the railroad tracks. They all have long and "tuff" hair; their trademark is the amounts of oil that they put in their hair. They hate the Socs. The Socs have everything, they have great girls, great cars and they think they are superior so they always pick on the Greasers. The most interesting event was when Johnny and Ponyboy were trying to save the little children from the fire. There was a lot of action and showed the courage in the boys. This event marks what a true hero Johnny and Ponyboy are. The main themes are that you shouldn’t judge people by their appearances. Just because you are rich and belong to a tough gang does not mean you are cruel like the other gang members. You shouldn’t carry any harmful weapons and should not escape from the police.

Memory Essay

Autobiographic memories are known to be frequently inaccurate. In fact, when a person recalls the past, the images of real events are intermingled with events that either never occurred or are distorted so severely that there is little opportunity to recognize the true happenings in them. This occurs because of the operation of certain principles of memory that render exact memories difficult and almost unrealistic. These principles include schemas and mechanisms of interference explaining why memories can often be inaccurate and misleading. Schemas Schemas directly affect human perception of the outer world, other people. They are even more significant in the conceptualization of what one is and what one believes oneself to be. A person operating on a schema has a distinct perception of one’s own self that fits into a framework pre-specified in the schema. This framework includes a variety of attributes directly related to the life of an individual. An elderly woman could see her life as one of a devoted Christian. In such a case, she can be willing to shove away the memories that do not demonstrate such a trend in her life. Thus, she may be willing to repress memories of youthful fun that do not fit into her current beliefs and attitudes so that she could feel more comfortable about her past. This can occur not because of intended self-deception, but because of the stated schema that operates at the subconscious level. A man whose schema is that of a courageous hero will live the life based on this schema. In this case, he will tend to repress memories of his childhood episodes in which he acted as a coward or a villain, in his own current perception. Such incidents will not fit into his schema and thus are repressed as conflicting. The schema in this way governs not only what occurs in the present, but also memories of the past. Interference Interference is another powerful influence on the mechanisms of memory that makes remembrance of the past often inaccurate. It occurs because a human mind cannot store infinite amounts of information. When new information comes in, it may interfere with the older layers. Interference falls into two types: proactive interference and retroactive interference. The first kind occurs when â€Å"an older memory interferes with remembering a newer memory† (Borree, 2002). This is especially relevant to the successive study of several foreign languages when the knowledge of the previously studied language can interfere with the knowledge of the current one. Retroactive interference, in contrast, occurs when â€Å"newer memories interfere with older ones† (Borree, 2002). The latter type is more relevant to the exploration of autobiographic memory inaccuracy. When the current information conflicts with older layers, it can take precedence over them. A person who has achieved high socioeconomic status in the present may inaccurately believe that his past was also more glorious than it really was. A common occurrence is to see the harsh treatment from parents as intolerable abuse when one is consistently told, for instance, in a therapy course, that he or she was the victim of abuse. Evidence shows that â€Å"some of the people who remembered terrible things like being abused as children were discovered to have created these memories under pressure from their therapists† (Borree, 2002). When people in society are continuously being told about abuse in families, they tend to see their past in the same light, inventing instances of abuse even where they were not present. This represents a case of interference where the past interferes with the present. Repression Repression is a term that was introduced by Sigmund Freud, the psychologist who invented the psychoanalysis theory. According to him, memories can be repressed if they are too painful or disagreeable to people. Humans tend to â€Å"push painful memories out of our awareness and into a deep, dark place called â€Å"the unconscious mind† (Borree, 2002). This mechanism, too, can explain how memories are stored in places from which they are never retrieved. This distorts the real picture of the past events. Manipulation Many people with susceptible psyche can fall prey to conscious manipulation that leads to the change in their memories post factum. A skilful person using hypnosis can put them in this state. Manipulation can be used in a less conspicuous manner – through the use of specific language, for instance. The lawyer in court who uses the word â€Å"tragedy† to describe the misfortunes of the victim will force the victim to believe that he or she has indeed been through a terrible tragedy. Conclusion Distortions of events in autobiographic memory can arise for a number of reasons. Schemas, interference, repression and manipulation are just a few mechanisms that can affect human memories. In each case, the result is the distorted perception of the past reality which is influenced by the current cognitive state of the individual. Reference Boeree, C.G. (2002). Memory. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/memory.html                     

Gender Roles And Attitudes And Their Implications For Well...

Literature Review Project Sandra Grass CHFD 498 B001 American Military University Dr. Bruce Bayley Literature Review Project Content Area #1 – Families And Individuals In Societal Context Gender Roles: â€Å"Changing gender roles and attitudes and their implications for well-being around the new millennium.† Gender roles along with the attitude of gender roles impact a person’s overall well being. Gender roles are a significant part of society and the role we each play in it. Because a person associates so closely with their role, it affects how they feel about themselves and others. There are different factors that affect a person’s emotional and physical state. The first article is â€Å"Changing gender roles and attitudes and their implications for well-being around the new millennium.† The article was published in Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology in May 2014, written by Helen Sweeting, Abita Bhaskar, Michaela Benzeval, Frank Popham, and Kate Hunt . Data was collected from the British Household Panel Survey from 20 to 64 year olds in heterosexual couple’s households in 1991. The hypothesis was that there are associations between gender roles and emotional suffering in men and women of working age. According to Sweeting, Bhaskar, Benzeval, Popham, and Hunt (2014), â€Å"gender traditionalism was lower among women, younger people, and those in ‘less traditional’ relationships and households.† This can be attributed to a younger generation being moreShow MoreRelatedEssay on War Against Boys in Society156 6 Words   |  7 PagesWar Against Boys in Society It is a bad time to be a boy in America. As the new millennium began, the defining event for American girls was the triumph of the U.S. women’s soccer team. For boys, the major event was the mass killing at Columbine High School. It would seem that boys in our society face great difficulties and risks as they grow up. 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